Everything about The History Of Beijing totally explained
The
history of Beijing can date back to 3000 years ago, as the capital of the
State of Yan. Since
Liao Dynasty,
Beijing became the capital of major dynasties of
China.
Before the 10th century
There were
cities in the vicinities of Beijing by the
1st millennium BC, and the capital of the
State of Yan, one of the powers of the
Warring States Period (473-221 BC),
Ji (
Traditional Chinese character: 薊 /
Simplified Chinese character: 蓟), was established in present-day Beijing.
After the fall of the
Yan, the subsequent
Qin,
Han, and
Jin dynasties set up local prefectures in the area. In
Tang Dynasty it became the headquarter for Fanyang
jiedushi, the virtual military governor of current northern
Hebei area.
An Lushan lauched
An Shi Rebellion from here in 755. This rebellion is often regarded as a turning point of Tang Dynasty, as the central government began to lose the control of the whole country.
Liao and Jin Dynasties
In 936, the
Later Jin Dynasty (936-947) of northern China ceded a large part of its northern frontier, including modern Beijing (at the time called Youzhou 幽州), to the
Khitan Liao Dynasty. In 938, the
Liao Dynasty set up a secondary capital in what is now Beijing, and called it Nanjing (the "Southern Capital", 南京, different from
Nanjing, the capital city of current
Jiangsu province). In 1125, the
Jurchen Jin Dynasty annexed Liao, and in 1153 moved its capital to Liao's Nanjing, calling it Zhongdu (中都), "the central capital." Zhongdu was situated in what is now the area centred around
Tianningsi, slightly to the southwest of central Beijing. The
Pagoda of the Tianning Temple is the main surviving architectural monument of Nanjing and Zhongdu.
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol forces burned Zhongdu to the ground in 1215 and rebuilt it to the north of the Jin capital in 1267. In preparation for the conquest of all of China,
Yuan Dynasty founder
Kublai Khan made this his capital as Khanbaliq (
Mongolian for "great residence of the Khan") or Dadu (大都,
Chinese for "grand capital"). This site is known as
Cambuluc in
Marco Polo's accounts. Apparently, Kublai Khan, who wanted to become a Chinese emperor, established his capital at this location instead of more traditional sites in central China because it was closer to his power base in Mongolia. The decision of the Khan greatly enhanced the status of a city that had been situated on the northern fringe of
China proper and it was the true beginning of contemporary Beijing. Khanbaliq was situated north of modern central Beijing. It centred on what is now the northern stretch of the
2nd Ring Road, and stretched northwards to between the
3rd and
4th Ring Roads. There are remnants of Mongol-era wall still standing.
Ming and Qing Dynasties
After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the city was later rebuilt by the
Ming Dynasty and renamed
Shuntian (順天). In 1403, the third Ming
Emperor Yongle moved the Ming capital from
Nanjing (Nanking) to the renamed Beijing (Peking) (北京), the "northern capital", situated in the north. The capital was also known as Jingshi (京師), simply meaning capital. During the Ming Dynasty, Beijing took its current shape, and the Ming-era city wall served as the
Beijing city wall until modern times, when it was pulled down and the
2nd Ring Road was built in its place.
It is believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world from 1425 to 1650 and from 1710 to 1825 .
The
Forbidden City was constructed soon after that (1406-1420), followed by the
Temple of Heaven (1420), and numerous other construction projects.
Tian'anmen, which has become a state symbol of the
People's Republic of China and is featured on its emblem, was burned down twice during the Ming Dynasty and the final reconstruction was carried out in 1651.
After the
Manchus overthrew the
Ming Dynasty and established the
Qing Dynasty in its place, Beijing remained China's capital throughout the Qing period. Just like during the preceding dynasty, Beijing was also known as
Jingshi, which corresponded to the Manchu
Gemun Hecen with the same meaning. It was the scene of the siege of the foreign legations during the
Boxer Rebellion in 1900.
Republic of China
The
Xinhai Revolution of 1911, aimed at replacing Qing rule with a republic, originally intended to establish its capital at
Nanjing. After high-ranking Qing official
Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the Qing emperor in Beijing and ensured the success of the revolution, the revolutionaries in
Nanjing accepted that Yuan should be the president of the new
Republic of China, and that the capital should remain at Beijing.
Yuan gradually consolidated power, culminating in his declaration of a Chinese Empire in late 1915 with himself as emperor. The move was highly unpopular, and Yuan himself died less than a year later, ending his brief reign. China then fell under the control of regional warlords, and the most powerful factions fought frequent wars (the
Zhili-Anhui War, the
First Zhili-Fengtian War, and the
Second Zhili-Fengtian War) to take control of the capital at Beijing.
Following the success of the
Kuomintang (KMT)'s
Northern Expedition which pacified the warlords of the north, Nanjing was officially made the capital of the Republic of China in 1928, and Beijing was renamed
Beiping (Peip'ing) (北平), "northern peace" or "north pacified", to emphasize that the warlord government in Beijing wasn't legitimate.
During the
Second Sino-Japanese War, Beiping fell to
Japan on
29 July 1937. During the occupation, the city was reverted to its former name, Beijing, and made the seat of the
Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a
puppet state that ruled the
ethnic Chinese portions of Japanese-occupied
North China. It was later merged into the larger
Wang Jingwei Government based in Nanjing. With Japan's surrender in
World War II, on
15 August 1945, however, Beijing's name was changed back to Beiping.
People's Republic of China
On
January 31,
1949, during the
Chinese Civil War, Communist forces entered Beijing without a fight. On
October 1 of the same year, the
Communist Party of China, under the leadership of
Mao Zedong, announced in
Tian'anmen the creation of the
People's Republic of China in Beijing. Just a few days earlier, the
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference had decided that Beiping would be the capital of the new government, and that its name would be changed back to Beijing.
At the time of the founding of the People's Republic, Beijing Municipality consisted of just its urban area and immediate suburbs. The urban area was divided into many small districts inside what is now the
2nd Ring Road. Since then several surrounding
counties have been incorporated into the Municipality, enlarging the limits of Beijing Municipality by many times and giving it its present shape. The
Beijing city wall was torn down between 1965 and 1969 to make way for the construction of the
2nd Ring Road.
Following the
economic reforms of
Deng Xiaoping, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly. Formerly within the confines of the
2nd Ring Road and the
3rd Ring Road, the urban area of Beijing is now pushing at the limits of the recently-constructed
5th Ring Road and
6th Ring Road (currently under construction), with many areas that were formerly farmland now developed residential or commercial neighborhoods. A new commercial area has developed in the
Guomao area,
Wangfujing and
Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts, while
Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China.
As the national capital, Beijing has also been the site of political turmoil in recent years.
Zhang Zhixin, a propagandist persecuted by her own Communist party, is one of the more well known story exclusively from the Northeast region.
Tian'anmen Square, a well-known landmark in the city, was the site of the
Tiananmen Square protests of 1976 and then the
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, which ended in a military crackdown. Tian'anmen Square has also been the site of protests by
Falun Gong, which resulted in the highly controversial
Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident of 2001.
In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavy traffic, poor
air quality, the loss of historic neighborhoods, and significant influx of migrants from poorer regions of the country, especially rural areas.
Early 2005 saw the approval by government of a plan to finally stop the sprawling development of Beijing in all directions. Development of the Chinese capital would now proceed in two semicircular bands just outside of the city centre (both west and east) instead of being in concentric rings.
Beijing has been chosen to host the
2008 Summer Olympics, an event that has sparked
nationalistic pride across China.
Further Information
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